This problem has recently been dealt with by reprogramming pluripotent stem cells

from human sources and conjugating them with primary cells from rat kidneys. This

type of platform is ideal for preclinical drug research as it mimics the human and

appears to reproduce human functions (Lee et al. 2018).

The work of several research teams has been successfully concluded on 3D cell

culture has become a reality. Jang et al. developed a ‘kidney-on-a-chip’ through

microfluidic device. Lumenal interstitial cells were placed in separate compartments,

each separated by membrane flow. However, compared to nonfluid, transwell, dual

chamber (membrane-separated), cells show increased primary pleomorphism,

NaK-ATPase expression, and glucose uptake, albeit less than in vivo (Jang et al.

2013). Creative explanation: As an alternative technique, Jansen et al. established

bioengineered tubules composed of hPTECs grown on polyether’s hollow

membranes with continuous perfusion and the basolateral cells were additionally

fixed to the outer surface of the hollow fibres to provide perfusion-enabled

basolateral delivery as an alternative technique. The organic anion transporter

1 protein was increased sixfold when seeded in Transwell compared to freshly

isolated cells (Jansen et al. 2016).

A recently discovered kidney on a microchip has been developed, based on

human-induced pluripotent stem (hiPS) cells in podocytes. Anhydrous basement

membrane (AMBA) was used to create a 3D glomerular-endolite matrix associated

with human endothelial cells. Through their experiments, they were able to produce

glomerular filtration wall physiology in the lab as well as they were being able to

replicate the patient’s findings with pharmacological podocyte injury and albumin-

uria. The short part of the proximal tube was utilized to make a probe for drug and

nephrotoxicity (Wilmer et al. 2016).

6.6.4

Gut-on-a-Chip

Natural models are often unreliable for studying the human gastrointestinal tract due

to a severe lack of microenvironmental conditions. Microfluidic flexible channels

were constructed from Caco-2 intestinal cells, which incorporated parastatistical

movement (Xiang et al. 2020). They were able to create rippling epithelium columns

with polarized ‘Caco-2’ cells and multiple distinguishable intestinal types of cells

using the conditions described. Enteroendocrine tissues, Paneth cell types, and

distinct goblet cells, all of which secrete a substantial portion of saliva in the living

intestinal tract, were all replicated in this study. The same community then

concentrated on the inflammation caused by intestinal bacterial overgrowth. They

were able to study pathophysiology for several weeks as part of the project, which is

an excellent model for a variety of medical applications (Jing et al. 2020; Costa and

Ahluwalia 2019).

To test the medication’s ability to damage human cells, the medications are

irradiated from mice and then expose’ to specific levels of ultraviolet (UV) light.

The researchers’ test system modelling of radiation injury in the gut is viable since it

maintains consistency and results in comparable outcomes (Tang et al. 2020).

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